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• • • Information technology ( IT) is the application of to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate, or, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered to be a subset of (ICT) or ICT Standards like IFGICT, ITIL and ITMS. In 2012, Zuppo proposed an ICT hierarchy where each hierarchy level 'contain[s] some degree of commonality in that they are related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of information and various types of electronically mediated communications'. The term is commonly used as a for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several are associated with information technology, including,,,,,, and. Humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information since the in developed in about 3000 BC, but the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the; authors and Thomas L.

Whisler commented that 'the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT).' Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs. Based on the and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development: pre-mechanical (3000 BC – 1450 AD), mechanical (1450–1840), (1840–1940), and electronic (1940–present). This article focuses on the most recent period (electronic), which began in about 1940. Faronics Deep Freeze Enterprise 6.62.220.3058 Key[h33t][nextg]. Main article: have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a. The, dating from about the beginning of the first century BC, is generally considered to be the earliest known mechanical, and the earliest known geared mechanism.: 279 Comparable geared devices did not emerge in Europe until the 16th century, [ ] [ ] and it was not until 1645 that the first capable of performing the four basic arithmetical operations was developed.: 3, using either or, began to appear in the early 1940s.